Heterogeneously Catalyzed Methanolysis of Gmelina Seed Oil to Biodiesel

The heterogeneous catalysis of transesterification of gmelina seed oil to biodiesel is evaluated. The oil was extracted from the seeds with n‐hexane by solvent extraction and characterized to determine its physiochemical properties. Response surface methodology was applied to optimize the effect of process variables on the biodiesel yield. The base‐activated clay catalyst performed as montmorillonite clay with the characteristic property of a Brønsted acid. It has an improved surface area after activation that enhanced its catalytic activity on transesterification reaction. Under optimal conditions, the biodiesel yield was 70.1 %, thus demonstrating that the model predicted well the biodiesel production.     

Quality assurance and quality control of subgrade compaction using the dynamic cone penetrometer

The Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP) is a device that is used in the construction industry for the assessment of in situ soil compaction quality. Over the past few decades, numerous correlations have been developed between the DCP test results and soil strength and stiffness parameters. This paper proposes a comprehensive set of criteria and recommendations for quality control (QC) of compacted subgrade that take into account the inherent statistical variability of DCP test results. For the development of the QC criteria, a new statistical methodology is used to extract representative test values from the raw field DCP test data. In order to use the proposed QC criteria, soils are first classified into two broad categories (fine-grained and coarse-grained) depending on their fabric and response to compaction efforts. Test results indicate that (i) for fine-grained soils, the DCP test values have good correlation with the plasticity index (PI), which is indicative of the type and amount of clay content of the soil and (ii) for coarse-grained soils, the DCP test values have good correlation with the optimum water content of the soil, which is directly related to its in situ density. DCP blow count correlation equations are presented for both soil categories. Recommendations for field DCP testing and data analysis are also provided to highlight the significance of the statistical distribution of the DCP test results in QC testing of compacted subgrade.     

复杂膨胀性围岩条件下交岔点支护技术研究

针对复杂膨胀性围岩条件下交岔点高应力集中区围岩稳定性控制和支护技术难题，通过对交岔点围岩变形表现形式、交岔点围岩变形机理的研究分析，提出了交岔点支护难点及重点。基于围岩控制理论分析，提出了“有限让压的柔性支护+全断面封闭抗压的刚性支护技术”，前期柔性支护采用“高强、高预应力锚杆+锚索+喷浆”联合支护有限度控制围岩变形，允许围岩在可控范围内释放围岩应力|后期通过架设异形支架与支撑架组成的联合支护体并喷射混凝土对交岔点围岩进行全断面封闭抗压支护，有效控制巷道交岔点围岩的变形。确保了交岔点围岩变形的整体可控性、稳定性，达到了预期支护效果。     

Investigation of the effects of SPEEK and its clay composite membranes on the performance of Direct Borohydride Fuel Cell

In this study, composite cation exchange membranes (CEM) were developed. With the experience from widely studied proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), sulfonated polyether ether ketone (SPEEK) was prepared to be a more effective and cheaper ionomer alternative to the industry standard Nafion ®. SPEEK polymer membrane can reach sufficient ionic conductivities but have some mechanical and chemical stability problems (at a high degree of sulfonations (DS)). Therefore, in order to optimize the membrane, composite mixing with a well-known organic/inorganic clays called Cloisite® 15A, Cloisite ® 30B and MMT were used. Test cells for both single-cell and conductivity were designed and constructed. The ionic conductivity cell was different than the ones used in most studies, measuring conductivity in-plane with 4 probes using EIS. The membranes were characterized for their proton conductivity with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), for DS with H NMR, water uptake, and fuel cell performance tests. First results showed that the acidic sulfonic groups of SPEEK interacted with organic/inorganic clays and as a result of partial barrier the ionic conductivity was decreased but power densities were increased. SPEEK-Cloisite® 30B composite membrane has given 40 mW/cm² power density value which is higher than pure SPEEK membrane (35 mW/cm²). The proton conductivities of the final composite membranes were close to bare SPEEK membranes which are 0,065 and 0,075 S/cm for SPEEK-Cloisite ® 30B and pristine SPEEK, respectively.     

用物元分析法判别膨胀土胀缩等级

将膨胀土胀缩等级、判别指标及其特征值作为物元,根据膨胀土分级标准建立关联函数,提出用物元分析判别膨胀土胀缩等级的新方法。结合实例与灰色聚类法和模糊评价模型得到的结果进行了对比。     

膨胀黏土增长曲线的运动学分析

通过大量室内试验,从运动学角度对4种击实膨胀黏土样的胀缩规律进行了深入研究．研究认为,膨胀曲线、收缩曲线可统称为增长曲线,其特征表现为在最初阶段增长得快,以后逐渐减慢并趋于稳定;通过对试验数据的非线性最小平方回归分析,提出了增长曲线的回归方程;通过对增长曲线速度、加速度特征进行深入研究,揭示出膨胀、收缩过程具有许多相似性,但在本质上两者不是可逆过程,其吸水膨胀速度远大于失水收缩速度．研究结果为膨胀黏土地区的工程建设提供了重要依据．     

增湿条件下合肥膨胀土的强度特性

用标准湿砂法和滴水法试验研究了合肥膨胀土抗剪强度参数c、(？)随含水量的变化关系,提出了合肥膨胀土随含水量变化的抗剪强度公式并给出了合肥膨胀土的强度参数。分析了膨胀土抗剪强度随含水量的变化机理。并给出了考虑含水量的强度曲面,提出临界含水量的概念。研究对合肥地区乃至江淮地区的膨胀土工程的设计和预测都具有十分重要的意义。     

基于扩张特性图的一种重型车辆用无级变速器的分析

介绍了封闭差动轮系的扩张特性图的坐标刻度以及J特性图、功率流形态分类图、等效率曲线图在扩张特性图中的表示方法。给出了这些特性图的应用实例,即以一种重型车辆用无级变速机为实例,应用这些"特性图"进行全面分析。这种特性图便于对设计方案进行比较。     

宜昌三峡机场膨胀土处置深度及方法研究

三峡机场广泛分布着膨胀上，在膨胀上地区修建飞机跑道在国内尚属首例。设计单位采用换土法处置膨胀土，并按平衡理论设计了换土厚度。笔者根据大气影响深度工程地质分析及膨胀土试验中卸荷到零时的膨胀率定量计算两种方法重新论证了膨胀土的处置深度。克服了原方案投资大、工期长的缺陷。此方案为宜昌市三峡航空实业开发公司采用，为国家节约了巨额地基处置费，确保了建设工期。     

粉质粘土液化层中采用夯扩桩失败原因的剖析

本文叙述了在饱和粉质粘土中进行夯扩桩施工所带来的工程质量问题;分析了因土的液化造成了桩质量事故的原因;介绍了碎石桩的应用效果.可供在类似地质条件下的工程进行桩基设计和施工时参考.